The Tax Collectors
Quentin Massys (1466–1530)
late 1520s
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Quentin Massys was profoundly influenced by the works of Leonardo da Vinci, and nowhere more tellingly than in his fascination with the caricatural and grotesque potential of human physiognomy. In the present work, both the physical types and their expressions – and especially that of the man who bares his teeth and grimaces out at us – are consciously designed to revel in the hideousness of fallen humanity. Other equally extraordinary examples of this vein in his art are the so-called ‘Ugly Duchess’ in the National Gallery in London and her male pendant in a private collection.
Massys was clearly fascinated by the notion of adapting religious subjects or elements from them in order to portray scenes of everyday life. In his ‘Banker and his Wife’ in the Louvre, he adapts a prototype showing ‘Saint Eligius’ by Petrus Christus (Lehman Collection, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York), while here and in a painting of ‘Usurers’ in the Doria Pamphilij Collection in Rome, he draws more generic inspiration from representations of the ‘Calling of Saint Matthew’, such as the somewhat later one by Marinus van Reymerswaele in the Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum in Madrid, in which the tax-collector saint is shown surrounded by all the paraphernalia of his trade. It is worth recalling in this context that at the time many theologians regarded money-lending as a deadly sin, but it seems even more important to stress the fact that Massys’s supreme delight here is in the painting of surfaces and textures, rather than in pointing a moral.
There are numerous direct copies of and variations on the present work, the most celebrated of which is a famous picture by Marinus van Reymerswaele in the National Gallery, whose possible derivation from a lost prototype by Massys has been argued in the past. Conversely, the fact that this panel must be Massys’s original is a very recent proposal, but has met with general scholarly agreement.
- Material/technique
- oil on oak panel
- Measurements
- 86 × 71 cm
- Acquisition
- acquired in 2008 by Prince Hans-Adam II von und zu Liechtenstein
- Artists/makers/authors
- Quentin Massys
- Inventory number
- GE 2462
- Provenance
- according to family tradition acquired from Sir Thomas Lyttelton, 2nd Baron Lyttelton of Frankley (1744-1779); until 2008 in the family estate of the Barons Westcote and Lyttelton and Viscounts Cobham; since 1800 documented in the family seat Hagley Hall, Worcestershire; 9.7.2008 Sotheby's, London, auction "Old Master Paintings Evening Sale", lot 8; Hazlitt, Gooden & Fox, London; acquired in 2008 by Prince Hans-Adam II von und zu Liechtenstein from Hazlitt, Gooden & Fox, London
- Iconography
- Genre scene inside
N.N., Catalogue of Pictures at Hagley Hall, Stourbridge 1834, S. 14, Kat. 97
G. F. Waagen, Treasures of Art in Great Britain: Being an Account of the Chief Collections of Paintings, Drawings, Sculptures, Bd. III, Bd. Bd. III, London 1854, S. 227, als "a clever old copy of the Misers, by Quentin Matsys, at Windsor"
N.N., A Catalogue of the Pictures at Hagley Hall, London 1900, S. 5 u. 14, Kat. 31
Guildhall, Ausst.-Kat. Exhibition of Works by Early Flemish Painters, London 1906, S. 45, als Metsys, Kat. 40
L. H. Cust, Notes on Pictures in the Royal Collections - XXIII, The Misers at Windsor Castle attributed to Quentin Matsys, in: The Burlington Magazine 20, Nr. 107 1912, S. 252 u. 257-258, Abb. 11 E, Kat. "Similar paintings occur in many public galleries and private collections, one of the best being that in the possession of Viscount Gobham at Hagley Hall"
H. Avray Tipping, English Homes Early Georgian 1714-1760, period V, Bd. I, Bd. Bd. I, London 1921, S. 326, als Cornelys de Lyon
Royal Academy of Arts, Ausst.-Kat. Exhibition of Flemish and Belgian Art 1300-1900, London 1927, S. 97, als Metsys, Kat. 247
Country Life Ltd., Illustrated Souvenir of the Exhibition of Flemish and Belgian Art, o.O. 1927, S. 76, Abb. 247
City of Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery, Ausst.-Kat. Commemorative Exhibition of the Art Treasures of the Midlands, Birmingham 1934, Kat. 283, als Reymerswaele
English Life Publication, Hagley Hall: near Stourbridge, Worcestershire: the historic seat of the Lyttelton family, the Worcestershire home of Viscount Cobham: official guide, o.O. 1959
Manchester City Art Gallery, Ausst.-Kat. Between Renaissance and Baroque: European Art 1520-1600, Manchester 1965, Kat. 198, als Reymerswaele
Larry Silver, The Paintings of Quinten Massys, with Catalogue Raisonné, Oxford 1984, S. 138
L. Campbell, The Early Flemish Pictures in the Collection of her Majesty The Queen, Cambridge 1985, S. 116, Anm. E, Abb. 40
Sotheby's, Kat. Auktion Old Master Paintings, Evening Sale, 9. Juli 2008, London 2008, Kat. lot 8
Ausst.-Kat. Der Fürst als Sammler. Neuerwerbungen unter Hans-Adam II. von und zu Liechtenstein, Johann Kräftner (Hg.), Liechtenstein Museum, Wien 12.2.2010–24.8.2010, erschienen Wien 2010, Titelbild, Abb. S. 16–17 (Detail), S. 20–23, Kat.-Nr. 1, Abb. S. 220, S. 221
Ausst.-Kat. Splendeurs des Collections du Prince de Liechtenstein / Splendours of the Collections of the Prince of Liechtenstein, Alexandra Hanzl, Kathrine Klopf-Weiss, Johann Kräftner, Brigitte Lackner, Michael Schweller, Arthur Stögmann, Johann Kräftner, Caroline Messensee (Hg.), Palais Lumière, Evian 4.6.2011–2.10.2011, erschienen Montreuil 2011, Abb. 32
Ausst.-Kat. Masterworks from the Collections of the Prince of Liechtenstein, Johann Kräftner (Hg.), The National Art Center, Tokyo 3.10.2012–23.12.2012; The Museum of Art, Kochi 5.1.2013–7.3.2013; Municipal Museum of Art, Kyoto 19.3.2013–9.6.2013, erschienen Tokyo 2012
Johann Kräftner, Die Schätze der Liechtenstein. Paläste, Gemälde, Skulpturen, Wien 2013, Abb. S. 338
Johann Kräftner, The Treasures of the Liechtensteins. Palaces, Paintings, Sculptures, Vienna 2013
Ausst.-Kat. Rubens, Van Dyck and the Flemish School of Painting. Masterpieces from the Collections of the Prince of Liechtenstein (Book Series for the National Museum of China International Exchange), Lu Zhangshen (Hg.), National Museum of China, Beijing 5.11.2013–15.2.2014, erschienen Beijing 2013, S. 17, 27, 40, 45, 222, Abb. 45, Kat. 2
Ausst.-Kat. Rubens, Van Dyck and the Flemish School of Painting. Masterpieces from the Collections of the Prince of Liechtenstein, Shi Dawei (Hg.), China Art Museum, Shanghai 12.3.2014–2.6.2014, erschienen Shanghai 2014, S. 77, S. 84–85, Kat.-Nr. 2
Ausst.-Kat. Rubens, Van Dyck, Jordaens... Meisterwerke der Flämischen Malerei aus den Sammlungen des Fürsten von und zu Liechtenstein, Staatliches Museum für Bildende Künste A. S. Puschkin, Moskau 19.6.2014–19.10.2014, erschienen Wien–Moskau 2014, S. 202-205, Abb. 203, 204, Kat. 25
Ausst.-Kat. Crown of the Alps. Masterworks from the Collections of the Prince of Liechtenstein, National Palace Museum, Taipei 17.4.2015–31.8.2015, erschienen Taipei City 2015, S. 250–251, Kat.-Nr. 90
Ausst.-Kat. Les Collections du Prince de Liechtenstein. Cranach, Raphael, Rubens, Van Dyck, Rembrandt, Vernet, Hubert Robert, Vigée-Lebrun, Fonds Mercator (Hg.), Caumont Centre d’Art, Aix-en-Provence 7.11.2015–20.3.2016, erschienen Brüssel 2015, S, 72–73, Kat.-Nr. 6
Helga Fabritius, Die sieben Todsünden. Alltagsleben ins Bild gesetzt, in: Ausst.-Kat.Die 7 Todsünden. 1.700 Jahre Kulturgeschichte zwischen Tugend und Laster, Stiftung Kloster Dalheim. LWL-Landesmuseum für Klosterkultur, Lichtenau-Dalheim 30.5.2015–1.11.2015, erschienen Münster–Dalheim 2015, S. 20–30, S. 26–29, Abb. 8
Ausst.-Kat. Menschenbilder – Götterwelten. The Worlds of Gods and Men, Johann Kräftner (Hg.), Dom Quartier Salzburg (Residenzgalerie Salzburg und Nordoratorium), Salzburg 30.7.–16.10.2016, erschienen Wien 2016, S. 192–195, Kat.-Nr. 42
Ausst.-Kat. Menschenbilder – Götterwelten. The Worlds of Gods and Men, Johann Kräftner (Hg.), Dom Quartier Salzburg (Residenzgalerie Salzburg und Nordoratorium), Salzburg 30.7.–16.10.2016, erschienen Wien 2016, S. 192–195, Kat.-Nr. 42
Ausst.-Kat. Liechtenstein. Die Fürstlichen Sammlungen, Regula Berger, Matthias Frehner und Rainer Lawicki (Hg.), Kunstmuseum, Bern 12.11.2016–19.3.2017, erschienen München 2016, Abb. S. 238 (Detail), S. 239, 243, Kat.-Nr. 134
Johann Kräftner, Die Sammlungen und Paläste der Fürsten von Liechtenstein. Ein kurzer Überblick über sechs Jahrhunderte anhaltende Sammel- und Bautätigkeit, in: Ausst.-Kat.Liechtenstein. Die Fürstlichen Sammlungen, Regula Berger, Matthias Frehner und Rainer Lawicki (Hg.), Kunstmuseum, Bern 12.11.2016–19.3.2017, erschienen München 2016, S. 13–33, S. 23
Ausst.-Kat. Von Rubens bis Makart. Die Fürstlichen Sammlungen Liechtenstein, Klaus Albrecht Schröder (Hg.), Albertina, Wien 16.2.2019–10.6.2019, erschienen Köln 2019, S. 80–85, Kat.-Nr. 12
Ausst.-Kat. From Rubens to Makart. LIECHTENSTEIN. The Princely Collections, Klaus Albrecht Schröder (Hg.), Albertina, Wien 16.2.2019–10.6.2019, erschienen Köln 2019, S. 80–85, Kat.-Nr. 12
Johann Kräftner, Liechtenstein. Das Land, die Familie, ihre Sammlungen und Schlösser. Aspekte der Geschichte einer europäischen Herrscherfamilie, in: Ausst.-Kat.Von Rubens bis Makart. Die Fürstlichen Sammlungen Liechtenstein, Klaus Albrecht Schröder (Hg.), Albertina, Wien 16.2.2019–10.6.2019, erschienen Köln 2019, S. 12–45, S. 31
Johann Kräftner, Liechtenstein. The State, the Family, their Collection and Palaces. Aspects of the History of a European Dynasty, in: Ausst.-Kat.From Rubens to Makart. LIECHTENSTEIN. The Princely Collections, Klaus Albrecht Schröder (Hg.), Albertina, Wien 16.2.2019–10.6.2019, erschienen Köln 2019, S. 13–45, S. 31
Johann Kräftner, Between Old and New Worlds, in: Ausst.-Kat.A Jewel Box from Europe. Treasures from the collections of the Prince of LIECHTENSTEIN, TNC Procect (Hg.), Prefectural Art Museum, Hiroshima 18 September 2020–29 November 2020; The Bunkamura Museum of Art, Tokyo 12 October 2019–23 december 2019; Utsonimiya Museum of Art, Utsunomiya 12 January 2020–24 February 2020; Oita Prefectural Art Museum, Oita 6 March 2020–19 April 2020; Tokyo Fuji Art Museum, Tokyo 2 May 2020–5 July 2020; The Miyagi Museum of Art, Miyagi 14 July 2020–6 September 2020, erschienen Tokyo 2019, S. 14–27, S. 22, Abb. 16
Olivier Poncet et Katia Weidenfeld, Déclarez vos revenus! Histoire et imaginaire d´un istrument fiscal, Paris 2019, 183
Ausst.-Kat. Marinus. Painter from Reymerswale, Christine Seidel (Hg.), Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid 9.3.–13.6.2021, erschienen Madrid 2021, S. 25, S. 26, Abb. 16
Ausst.-Kat. Marinus. Pintor de Reymerswale, Christine Seidel (Hg.), Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid 9.3.–13.6.2021, erschienen Madrid 2021, S. 25, S. 26, Abb. 16
N.N., A Companion to the Leasowes, Hagley and Enville, o.O. um 1800, S. 84, als in Hagley hängend "Underneath, the Misers, a most excellent original of the celebrated blacksmith of Antwerp, Matsys"
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